Mazzucato argues that government research has been visionary. It not merely reduces risks in the market, but opens technology to entirely new ideas. She cites how government directed the development of major new technologies in completely new spheres like information technology, biotechnology, nuclear energy, and nanotechnology. She also argues that government funding even of later-stage research can be beneficial. Government subsidies in Denmark, Germany, and China have resulted in successful individual companies. The US has had a success with First Solar, a solar energy company whose existence depended on state support.
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